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music maker legends

The story of music includes hundreds of people. Some famous, some not so famous, but all had an impact in one moment of music history. We've put a few up here, more will be added soon.

We’re also inviting anyone interested, to submit written material to this page about types of music - Rock, Punk, Jazz, Dance, Classical, UK Reggae - or well known musicians past and present from Monteverdi to Motorhead to Queen.

If you’ve got something of interest, and you fancy getting it published here, just send it in. If you’ve got a particular subject you want to write about and you want to get more info, then use the web for research. As long as you use the web to get the facts and you then rewrite in your own words, we’ll print it here along with your name!

Here are some examples visitors to the website have sent in. Just the type of thing we’re looking for, no more than 500 words. Please send to editor@northerntrax.net

The Editor reserves the right to modify any material sent in by contributors. We are not responsible for the source or accuracy of contributors' material.

Vinyl records

Vinyl records are not just refusing to die – they are positively thriving.

In 2005 sales of 7in vinyl singles reached 1,072,608, compared with only 178,831 in 2001.

Sales of singles today though are still very small compared with 1979, when singles sales in Britain peaked at 89 million. Most chart-toppers today sell around 30,000 a week, with sales of as little as 13,000 putting artists in the top 10.

Surprisingly over 60% of Arctic Monkeys’ singles sales have been on vinyl and similar figures lifted the last White Stripes single into the top 10. Even Lily Allen broke through on flat black plastic with her single ‘LDN’ being launched on 500 limited vinyl copies and immediately selling out.


It’s mainly independent labels that are fuelling the vinyl boom and they often release something by a new group with artwork and packaging that represent them stylistically.

Where the 7in vinyl was once the only format, downloads and the much-derided CD single have taken over. However the CD faces imminent extinction in probably a year’s time.

One of the main saviours of black plastic has been the company Simply Vinyl, which Mike Loveday started in 1997, licensing vinyl rights from record companies that had given up on the format.

Before long high street stores such as Virgin and HMV were restocking vinyl albums alongside their extensive 12in dance records section. EMI can sell 10,000 vinyl copies of a Beach Boys re-release of ‘Pet Sounds’ immediately.

Many believe that vinyl's analogue sound has a richness lacking on CD and MP3 digital files. Cutting engineers get maximum loudness and minimum distortion when carving the sound into the lacquer from which the record is made - an art form in which Britain leads the way.

Vinyl is back but the truth is that it never went away.

The Beatles
 
The Beatles were John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. The group had more than fifty top 40 hit singles and were the biggest musical act of the twentieth century.

They were the first British band to achieve major success in the United States, having twenty-seven Number 1 hits in the USA & UK alone. EMI estimated in 1985 that the band had sold over a billion records worldwide. Their ballad ‘Yesterday’ — written and sung by Paul McCartney — is the most-covered song in the history of recorded music (about 2,500 versions of it exist).

In 1957 Paul McCartney and John Lennon met at a church fete and later formed a band. George Harrison joined the band shortly after, followed by Pete Best - their original drummer. The group was known as The Quarrymen and began to play gigs around Liverpool. The band had several different names before settling on The Beatles.

The group gained a lot of experience playing in Hamburg, Germany and in November 1961, during a Cavern Club concert in Liverpool, the Beatles were spotted by Brian Epstein. By the following year Brian, in his role as the band’s manager, secured a record contract for the group.

Pete Best was replaced by Ringo Starr and the Beatles recorded their first single 'Love Me Do', which reached No 17 in the charts. Their second single 'Please Please Me' was the first of many to reach the number 1 spot. Beatlemania reached America in 1964, with 73 million viewers tuning in to watch the band play on the Ed Sullivan show.

Following this, The Beatles made their first film - "A Hard Days Night", before going on a world tour taking in Australia, the Far East and again, America. Eventually hysterical fans made live performances impossible. The Beatles performed their last concert in Candlestick Park, San Francisco on 29th August 1966.

The psychedelic period followed - flower power, hippies, drugs, The Maharishi and Indian music. After the death of Brian Epstein, The Beatles decided to form their own company, Apple. In 1969 The Beatles made their last live appearance on the roof of Apple's Saville Row building and the group finally broke up in 1975.

On 8 December 1980, John was murdered in New York by a crazed fan, putting an end to the hope of millions of fans that The Beatles might reunite.
Elvis Presley
Elvis Presley is known as ‘The King of Rock 'n' Roll’ and remains a popular star. His legendhas grown even stronger since his early death at the age of 42 in August 1977.

Elvis was born in a two- room house in Misssippi in 1935 and moved to Memphis, Tennessee in 1948. His musical influences were the pop and country music of the time, the gospel music he heard in church and the black R&B he absorbed on historic Beale Street as a Memphis teenager.

In 1954, he began his singing career with the legendary Sun Records label in Memphis. In late 1955, his recording contract was sold to RCA Victor. By 1956, he was an international sensation. With a sound and style that challenged the social barriers of the time. As a result he started a whole new era of American music and popular culture.

He starred in 33 successful films, made history with his television appearances and specials, and performed at over 1,000, often record-breaking, live concert performances on tour and in Las Vegas. Globally he has sold over one billion records and his American sales have earned him gold, platinum or multi-platinum awards for 150 different albums and singles, far more than any other artist.
Cream
Cream, the 60’s super group, was thought by many to have revolutionised the sound of electric music forever. The group’s lifespan was an all too short three years but it contributed greatly to the evolution of electric music paving the way for the hard rock of Jimi Hendrix and Led Zeppelin.

Cream was well known for great studio songs such as the hits ‘I Feel Free’, ‘Sunshine of Your Love’ and ‘White Room’, not to mention the world's first record ever to go platinum, the 1968 ‘Wheels of Fire’.

However Cream’s hallmark sound developed and shone through during their high-powered live tours. Cream would play extended solos, which sometimes lasted for more than 20 minutes. Employing great improvisational skill, Cream had a pent-up energy that it applied to a new approach to music.

Though Eric Clapton was to become the best known of the three musicians, Cream was a group of equals. Clapton had long been recognised as a genius of modern blues guitar. His masterful solos floated over the powerful pumping of Jack Bruce's electric bass and the rolling sea of percussion that was the trademark sound of Ginger Baker.

All three musicians soloed simultaneously during live sets. After establishing a basic rhythm pattern and singing a verse or two, the group would explode into extended, complex free-for-alls. Clapton described their live sets as sometimes teetering on the brink of open warfare.

No single member of the band dominated over the others. As the lead vocalist, harmonica player, and main composer of the group’s material, Jack Bruce was closest to being a front man for the group. He proved to be a masterful composer, and was without doubt the greatest bass guitarist of the time.

But the musical personalities of Clapton and Baker were much too prominent to be overshadowed. The stage would serve as a musical battlefield for three players with vast differences in personality and background. It was these differences, which would fuel the flames of the fire that was the improvisational glory of Cream.

Carlos Santana
Legendary guitarist Carlos Santana was born in Mexico, the son of a virtuoso violinist who taught his son to play the violin by the age of 5. This early exposure to a musical instrument began a lifelong relationship with music.

Carlos began playing guitar very soon after learning to play the violin, spending any spare time he had trying to copy the sounds he heard coming from his music heroes – John Lee Hooker, B.B. King and T. Bone Walker. Listening to these early ‘greats’ gave him the inspiration that helped shape today’s musical culture and, like his father, a virtuoso musician was born.

In 1961 Carlos moved to San Francisco, forming the Santana Blues Band and playing cool, Latin-based blues to his ever increasing number of fans in the US and Europe.

The early 60s were a breeding ground for the emerging music giants of today. Massive success followed these early beginnings and by the end of the decade, Carlos had helped define an era by playing at the now legendary Woodstock festival of ’69.


Santana has sold over 90million records and performed ‘live’ to more than 100 million people worldwide. He
continues his tradition of collaborating with a diverse mix of fellow groundbreaking artists and to embody his unique brand of playing, using his music to speak to new generations worldwide.

By R.Linley, Sunderland

Rap
Today’s rap has its roots in the ‘toasting’ and dub, talk-over methods of reggae music.

In the early 70s a Jamaican DJ, known as Kool , brought his particular brand of music to New York’s West Bronx

New Yorkers were not quite ready for him or his music, which involved reciting improvised rhymes over the dub versions of his reggae tracks.

Kool had to adapt his early rap style by chanting over the instrumentals of the popular songs of the day. Because these instrumentals were short, he had to find a way of extending them by using an audio mixer and two identical records, replacing the chosen segment over and over to extend the track.

Early DJs began to elaborate on this early form of rap by incorporating little rhymes and adding their own versions of popular street talk. This was commonly known as ‘engineering‘. As this type of customised track became more and more popular and the dubs became more complex, today’s ‘Rap’ was born.

BY Dj HouseSmith

JIMI HENDRIX Profile of a ‘semi-demigod’
Hendrix

The Legend. Jimi Hendrix, real name Johnny Allen Hendrix was born in Seattle, USA on 27th November 1942. He was one of the greatest and most influential guitarists of the 20th century. Left-handed and self-taught he used to spend up to 8 hours at weekends, on his own practicing. He formed his unique style of playing before he eventually joined his first local R&B while he was still at school in the USA.

After school he enlisted as a paratrooper, and while he was training to jump out of aircraft, formed a band group called The King Kasuals with a bass player called Billy Cox. Hendrix' career as a paratrooper ended when he broke his ankle, at which point he started playing backing guitar on tours in various groups in the early 1960s.

His big break came in Greenwich Village in New York in 1966, when Chas Chandler saw Hendrix (Chas was a fantastic bass player with The Animals – House of the Rising sun). He was knocked out with what he heard and persuaded him to go come to London in September 1966.

Chandler introduced Hendrix to the British music scene and became his co-manager along with Mike Jeffries. Eric Clapton, Pete Townshend and the rest of the UK music legends of the 60s were all influenced to some extent by Hendrix' showmanship and sound. In December The Jimi Hendrix Experience released its first single ‘Hey Joe’ which climbed into the ‘UK Top Ten’ followed by ‘Purple Haze’ which got to number 3.

Over the next few years he took the UK, Europe and America by storm- burning his guitar at the Monterey Pop Festival, ‘bending’ The Star Spangled Banner at Woodstock and leaving a legacy on guitarists of all generations. Lots have imitated him but no one yet has surpassed his style and technique - he played left-handed on a re-strung right-handed Fender Stratocaster played upside down!) For me and thousands of others he remains the greatest guitarist of all times!


His live performance at the Isle of Wight festival a few years later was his last. On September 18th 1970 his girlfriend, Monika Dannemann,found him dead in bed. The inquest recorded death caused by suffocation due to inhalation of vomit.

By Jon Randall , Bolton

DANCE

Today Dance music is any kind of electronic music specifically designed for dancing, from the usual 120 beats per minute of House music to the myriad of morphed combinations you can hear in local night clubs most nights of the week.


In the mid-1930s when ‘Live’ music was played to the ‘masses’, live music was usually played by bands in dance halls. These bands played mostly popular traditional jazz or swing music of the day. You either went to a dance hall or bought a 78” record of the same music to play at home.

One of the earliest innovators of pre-recorded dance music played in the clubs, was an ex-miner from Yorkshire , Jimmy Saville. In the 1940s he hired a room above a working men’s club in a sleepy town called Otley in Yorkshire to play his 78” records on his home–made mobile equipment. There was no ‘live band’ – the first DJ in club land!


Saville used two record turntables, an innovation at the time and toured the Northern circuit of pubs and clubs. The culture of Dance music exploded from these early beginnings exposing people to new trends and sounds. Jukeboxes and DJs are all part of this culture.

As technology advances improvisers of dance are constantly morphing and reinventing with as many combinations as can be imagined creating new genre sounds and tribes.

DANCE STYLE: Dance music has a strong, steady beat, usually performed on electronic instruments or computers. New sounds and styles are being created almost weekly and being produced by well known DJs such as Judge Jules (see picture) as well as future stars as yet unknown using software and home computers.

DANCE GENRES: Disco / House / Acid / Progressive / Tribal / Hardcore / Trance / Happy Hardcore / Bouncy Hard House / Jungle / Drum’n’Bass / Techno / Gabba / Breakbeat / UK Garage / Tech-House

BY Paul Giddens, Leeds

Moog Synthesiser

Bob Moog, the grandfather of electronic music, died recently at the age of 71.

His iconic Moog synthesiser was used by the Beatles, the Grateful Dead and The Doors among many others to create distinctive music on many albums of the 1960s and 70s. Recently many musicians, including Brian Eno, The Cure, Fatboy Slim and Stereolab have kept the sound alive, even though analogue synthesisers are being overtaken by digital instruments.

Moog built his first electronic instrument called a Theremin when he was 14 and eventually he sold around a 1000 Theremin kits from 1961 to 63 out of his apartment in New York. In 1964 Moog exhibited new circuits that could produce sound at the Audio Engineering Society Convention in 1964. Shortly afterwards he began to manufacture electronic music synthesisers.

It was Wendy Carlos' Grammy award-winning album, Switched-On Bach, which brought Moog to prominence. It made making electronic music popular and the Moog synthesiser a household name. Before long many musicians and groups, were using Moog synthesisers including he MiniMoog, "the first compact, easy-to-use synthesiser" that was introduced in 1970.


" The sound defined progressive music as we know it," said Keith Emerson of Emerson, Lake and Palmer.

Fender Guitars

Fender’s iconic guitars such as the Telecaster, Stratocaster, Precision Bass and Jazz Bass are known the world over as the instruments that started the rock revolution.

These instruments were, and continue to be, highly prized among the hottest guitarists - from Buddy Holly to Kurt Cobain to Eric Clapton (see picture of Eric playing a Stratocaster) and everyone in between.

In the 1940’s, a California inventor named Leo Fender looked at the way electric guitars were being made and realised that he could improve the process. In 1951 he introduced the Broadcaster, a solid-body guitar that was eventually renamed the Telecaster guitar.

Leo then introduced the revolutionary Precision Bass guitar and for the first time ever bass players were able to amplify their playing. The importance of these two instruments is that, together, they were the foundation for the modern rock group. The electric Fender instruments made it possible for smaller groups of musicians, not just big bands, to get together and be heard.

In 1954 Leo introduced the Stratocaster guitar that was to become the most popular and most influential electric guitar of all time. It incorporated many design innovations that were based upon feedback from professional musicians.

The most important was the addition of the new Fender vibrato, or “tremolo” bridge. This innovation was originally intended to allow guitarists to bend the strings to achieve a sound similar to a pedal steel guitar, which was very popular at the time among guitarists playing country music.

In 1965, because of poor health, Leo Fender sold his company to corporate giant CBS. In 1985, a group of employees and investors bought the company back from CBS. This sale put the name Fender back into the hands of a small group of musically dedicated people committed to creating the world’s best guitars and amplifiers.

When artists first started requesting specific features for their guitars, they were looked after on an individual basis. Today, professional guitarists and enthusiasts can work with the renowned Fender Custom Shop in Corona, California, to create their own dream instruments.

Gibson electric guitars

By the time the Gibson company began work on its first electric guitar in 1935 , the company had a 40-year tradition of quality and innovation to uphold.

The first Gibson electric had to be nothing less than the best electric guitar the world had ever seen. In the spring of 1935, Gibson enlisted musician Alvino Rey to help develop a prototype pickup with engineers at the Lyon & Healy company in Chicago.

In the years after World War II, the electric guitar came of age and Gibson entered a golden of age of innovation developing a wide range of electric guitars. Gibson introduced the Les Paul Model in 1952. The Les Paul quickly grew into a family of four models-the Junior, Special, Standard and Custom-all of which would become Gibson classics.

Gibson's top models sported a new tune-o-matic bridge, which was introduced on the Les Paul Custom in 1954 and is still the standard Gibson electric guitar bridge.

Gibson pushed on into the 1960s with two more bold, modern solidbody lines-the double-cutaway SG models of '61 and the reverse-body Firebirds of '63. By the end of 1965, a foundation of classic models had been laid that would carry Gibson through the rest of the century.

The home of Gibson electric guitars today is 'Gibson USA' a business built in 1974 in Nashville specifically for the production of Gibson's Les Paul guitars. Two legendary guitarists joined Gibson- B.B. King in 1980 with the Lucille model and Chet Atkins in 1982 with his new concept of a solidbody acoustic guitar.

Today's Gibson electric guitars represent the history as well as the future of the electric guitar. The models whose designs have become classics-the ES-175, ES-335, Flying V, Explorer, Firebird, SGs and Les Pauls-are a testament to Gibson's wide appeal, spanning more than four decades of music styles (See picture of Keith Richards playing a Gibson guitar).

Gibson's close relationship with musicians is manifest in endorsement models from King, Atkins and jazz greats Howard Roberts and Herb Ellis, plus new Les Pauls made to the personal specifications of rock stars Jimmy Page and Joe Perry. In 1994, Gibson's Centennial year, the new Nighthawk model won an industry award for design, setting the stage for a second hundred years of Gibson quality and innovation.

House

House got its name from the Warehouse club in Chicago, where House DJ Frankie Knuckles (see picture) would record the instrumental part of a record and loop it onto a reel to reel tape, or increase the rhythm section of a record with an added drum beat. This type of kick-drum technique is still used in producing House today.

The first House record is considered to be by Jesse Saunders and Vince Lawrence, 'On and On'‘ released in 1983. This was the beginning of sampling and music montages led by DJs and facilitated by the new technology of the mid 1980s The interest of House was spread around the world by producers such as Marshall Jefferson and Steve Hurley promoting their unique brand of sound from House clubs into the mainstream charts.

As it grew, House split into two camps – Soul based and the impersonal machine sound. The trance sound of the machine giving rise to Acid house and the UK dance scene. As it progressed House music became THE club dance music of the 90’s dominating clubs worldwide.

HOUSE STYLE: A mutation of ‘fast’ sounds concentrating on rhythm and synthetic noises and various repetitions creating a trance-like resonance.

HOUSE NAMES: Frankie Knuckles / Jackmaster / Jesse Saunders / Steve Hurley / Marshall Jefferson

Rock

In the mid-1960s, students at colleges and universities around the world were becoming more vocal about political issues than ever before. Civil rights,the war in Vietnam, government education policies and feminism were all hotly debated issues for young people.

Certain types of music seemed to encompass this new feeling of rebellion, social conscience and freedom of expression. Rock music with its hard hitting, psychedelic peppered sensibility and sometimes controversial messages emerged as a musical revolution compared with the often tame pop music of the early ‘60s.
Rock was the voice of youth – The Rolling Stones, The Animals, The Who,The Yardbirds and The Beatles and many more led the way in the burgeoning music of the mid ‘60s. Hippies, Psychedelia, Eastern music and blues all inspired musicians such as Hendrix, Cream, Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin (to mention just a few ).

They paved the way for the myriad of Rock styles we have today– from Speed & Thrash Metal, Alternative/Indie Rock, Nu Metal and Grunge to Jam Bands, Funk Metal, Madchester and Shoegazing!

ROCK STYLE: Heavy drum backing varied guitar rhythm and bass with sometimes distinctive , extended lead guitar instrumentals

ROCK NAMES: The Yardbirds / The Animals / The Who / The Rolling Stones / The Byrds / The Doors / Janis Joplin / Jimi Hendrix Experience /Jefferson Airplane / Grateful Dead / The Beatles / Cream / Pink Floyd / Led Zeppelin / AC/DC / Deep Purple / Guns’n’Roses / The Doors / The Move / Moody Blues / Yes / Genesis / Arrowsmith / Frank Zappa / T Rex / Suzi Quatro / Mott the Hoople / Queen / Emerson,Lake and Palmer / Bowie / Motorhead / Iron Maiden / Black Sabbath / Slayer / Def Leppard / Judus Priest / Ozzy Osbourne (see picture) … To mention just a few !

Reggae

No other music has established itself as the peoples' music. Born in the poor communities of Jamaica, reggae is unique in being able to unite its fans from politicians to the poor of downtown Kingston. No other style has reflected the people who play and listen to it so accurately, no other sound has been so distinct and influential around the world.

With a population of around just 2.5 million some 100,000 records titles have been released in Jamaica over the past 40 years. By 1960 dance promoters in Jamaica were hiring huge open air spaces where they played R&B music to enthusiastic audiences. These ‘sound system lawns’ were the places to listen to the latest sounds.

The sound men running these shows continuously searched for new and exclusive records to play and eventually started making and producing their own. Producers such as Duke Reid, Prince Buster and Coxsone were the first to record their own records and play to ever increasing audiences. They and others quickly realised they had a ready market for the most popular records.

The rest as they say is history – Buster and Dodd came up with Ska, Reid came up with deejay ‘toasting’ records where the deejay talks in rhyme to the beat. This constant ‘experimenting’ with sound in the early days of reggae that has kept it in the forefront of the world’s most exciting and culturally vibrant pop music.

REGGAE TYPES: Ska / Roots / Rock Steady / Dub / Dancehall / UK reggae / Reggae Pop / Ragga / Deejays

REGGAE STYLE: Emphasises the off-beat, which affects the tempo and gives the music its unusual feel, coupled with a strong bass, which makes the music easy to dance to.

REGGAE NAMES: Prince Buster / Duke Reid / Coxsone Dodd / King Tubby / Big Youth / King Jammy / Jimmy Cliff / The Skatalities / Desmond Dekker / Don Drummond / Rico Rodriguez / The Maytals / Slim Smith / The Heptones / The Melodians / Phillis Dillon / The Mighty Diamonds / Bob Marley (see picture) / Culture / Black Uhuru / Lee Perry / Steel Pulse / Smiley Culture / Janet Kay / The Pioneers / Shaggy / Bobby Digital / Tenor Saw / Sly & Robbie / Junior Reid / Norris Man/Sean Paul… to mention just a few !

Hip Hop

Hip Hop began in the ghetto of South Bronx and spread across New York City and then the world. Almost more than any other type of music Hip Hop has influenced art, film, dance, clothing and speech for a new generation of music and party people.

Hip Hop emerged from rap, taking beats, breaks – whatever it wanted from the music scene at the time -and reworked the sound into a DIY invention. The style of working remains the same today with artists like Jay-Z and 50 Cent (see picture).

DJs introduced the style using rap as a key element with ‘street’ jargon giving the music a rebel feel. In the late 1970s records like The Sugarhill Gang’s ‘Rapper’s Delight´ introduced the music to a wider audience. Creativity and imagination expressed in music and reflected in visual expression on the streets gave rise to physical expression through break-dancing.

Anybody interested in the music could find a way of self-expression through Hip Hop. The sound came from the streets with its own language,dress,attitude and dance style. Hip Hop remains a way of life!

This ever-changing ‘music scene’ keeps on re-inventing itself, shifting and extending the boundaries in an effort to stay well outside the music mainstream and reflect the early beginnings of Hip Hop as a customised community-based music and dance genre.

HIP HOP TYPES: British / Old School / Political / Golden Age / Political / Gangsta / Alternative

HIP HOP STYLE: A simple melodic backing with an often complex bass and drum rhythm and featuring the vocals which add the unique dimension to the overall sound.

Shoegazing

Shoegazing ! Ride, Lush, Influence, Create!
My Bloody Valentine (see picture), still out there from ’85. Started as a Goth band ended up as the defining Shoegazing sound. Awesome guitar sounds and eerie weird vocals. Not too great on the visual front if you’re into movement! Slow rock on distorted guitars aired with heavenly melodic vocals, played looking down at your shoes!

Layer upon layer of sounds of more than one guitar, whipped into the rhythm guitar, mixed with angelic vocals on top. A recipe for shoegazing.

Listen to: My Bloody Valentine, The Verve, Ride, Lush and even Blur.

Lal Moore , Chesterfield

Editor:
Shoegazing is a style of music that first appeared in the late 1980s here in the UK. The defining exponent is said to be My Bloody Valentine with their 'Isn’t Anything' released in 1988. The last album by My Bloody Valentine, 'Loveless', released in 1991 is considered the zenith of Shoegazing music.
The name Shoegazing was first used by the New Musical Express, describing the tendency of the bands’ guitarists to constantly stare at their feet while concentrating
on playing.